2.
   2024
/   

(  )
 : 3     :70
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
2.          -        
 -
3.              ?
4.            ? 1901             
 
 -
2.
5.                   
    
6.          ?    - 
          
-
7.            
8.          ?
2.
   2024
/   

(  )
 : 3     :70
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
:1.     '  
    -      - ,  
               '  
   
       ,    '   
     
          :
-  
-   ( )
   ( )
  
-    
   
    ( -          
 )
  ,         :
2.
   
     
   
    (   )   (  - )   
     '          
2.       
   -       -   -  
               
'  -    
           
                 
              ,  ,   
 ()    
   ,       
          
3.     
      ,      ,  ,   
 -       ,    '   
     ,  ,   -  
   -  
 :
   -    
    

      ,   -    
         ,   - 
   
 ,       ,      
       
4.       
            ,    
         :
  
   
-   
2.
-     
       
      
     ,        -   
         ,   ,   
          
 :
-             

       - ,   
   
     ,      
 ,             
 
5.    
           
   
              ' 
 
  :
        (   
)    
  
   '     
         
        '   
 ,      ,       

 
6.       
        
  ,    
         ,      
 
 , ,         
 
    
 :
          ,      

           
2.
          
 ,               
  
7.   -  
                
               , 
               
'   
,                
  ,            
,    -   

    ,   ,         
 '      ,       ,  
               
, ,        

        ,   ,     
             , ,    
                
             

2.          -        
:1.   (  )
  :      ,      
      ,        
   
    : ,          
      ,        

: -       ,      
   
 
 :            -   
  , 
         
2.
2.   (   )
  :          - 
        
    :        ,  45°C   
         
  :      ,    ,
 ,        
 :              
       , 
       
  
      
3. -   (  )
  :         , 
    
    
  -   ,    
  ,        '     -   
  

 :
o  , -        

o -      
o          ,     -

 :         ,      
 '       ,      
  
4.   /   (  )
  :   , -         
    ,    -

 

: -            , 
        
 
 :         (   )   
        
 ,     
   
5.   (   ) (  )
    -     
 ,  
         
:  ,  ,   
2.
 :        ,      
   
6.      (  ) (  )
       
:      ,     ,   
     
 :         ,     
         

     ,         
       
 
   ,         
-     ,     
 
   /  
      
 
  -   '    ,    
     
 -
3.              ?
:󷇮󷇭   ?
       
       ,   
 '  :
  (, , )
- ()
 
  ( , , , )
        '   -     
2.
󽁗       
󷄧󷄫       '
            , ,     
      ,       
 
     ,            
        
   :



 
 
    " " 
  NTPC        
  
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    70%    '    
  (
    )
󷄧󷄬-   
          -     
     '   
   :
  ( , ,   )
  (, )
-  
     :
 
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: -    ,        ' 
 
2.
󷄧󷄭     
    (  ' )          
         
    :
    ()
    ( )
 ( )
 ()
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          
,      
     
󷄧󷄮   '  
                
       
  :



 
  :




              
󹺏󹺐󹺑     
                 
       
  :
                
2.
                 
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
    '       
          
      
        '      
  
󹵝󹵟󹵞   
-   -    :
  :
   
  :
- +   
  :
   
  :
 +  +  
-  :
 -  ( )
󺡜󺡝󺡞󺡟   
         :
  (    )
   
     
 ' 
 - 
2.
,       -         
󷊆󷊇        
      :
      
   
   -   
     
      
" ,  "          
 
󷄧󼿒
                

             ,   
  -   ,        
 ,            
         ,        
      ,            
          
4.            ? 1901             
 
:1.     
   :       
   :        
  :          
  ,            -   
 ,      ,      
 
2.
2. 1901           
          
      
  
() 1901–1921:   
1901    238  
 , ,  (     ),    
   
1921 ,  251  
   "    "    
     
() 1921–1951:   
 251  (1921)    361  (1951)  
 '  ,         
   
1921   "   "    
   , 
    
() 1951–1981:   
 361  (1951)    683  (1981)  
               
   ,          

   " "    
() 1981–2001:       
 683  (1981)    1,028  (2001)  
             
    
           
(e) 2001–2021:    
 1,028  (2001)     1,210  (2011)   1,393
 (2021  )  
        
    ,         
     ,  20
       
2.
(f)       
2024-25 ,    1.44     ,      
    
 
   1%    ,   
 
      ,  -   
       
3.              
  :     ,     
  :   ,   
 :    (  )     
  : 1950        -  
  
 -  : ,       
    
4.       
  :  ,  ,  
  : , , ,     ' 
  :        

1901          
 :
   1921      
   1921-1951  
   1951–1981 
    1981–2001 
   2001  ,      
2.
 -
5.                   
    
:      
                 , 
 
'   ,      ,      '
             

 
1.     
           ,   
   ,               
      
  ,    
      
2.    ' 
             '    
    ,              ,
             
  
       
 
3.      
      ,           
    -  ,  ,     
     
          
 
4.      
            ,     
               , 
     
'    ,        
  
 
5.       
2.
                
            
  , 
           -     ,
     
6.      
  , ,            
       
      '   
              
7.      
     ,     '      
  '   ,           
                  
  
8.        
             
    ,           , 
            ,    
 
9.  '    
   '          '  
            (    )
 
10.       
 ,  , ,         
        ,       
    
              |
                
              
 
2.
1.     
       
     
               
           
2.      
, , 
             
'           
     
   
3.     
   , ,        
           
    
4.       
 ,  ,             
                
    
5.      
       '       ,
           '  
  
         
6.    
              ,
          
    -   (MSP)       

 
7.      
,              
            '     ,
    '  
8.     
2.
           ,   
     
     
    
       
9.    
    '  
  , , ,  
        
    
 
10.  -  
-   ,  ,   ,     
          -   
         

              ,
  ' ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  
   ,          
        
,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 
 ,      -      
               , 
  ,      
6.          ?    - 
          
:1.     
  
()  
  :           ,   
 
o  :   10°C–15°C      21°C–26°C

:      
o  : 50-100  
2.
o  
      
() 
            
       

          
() 
      - 
-        '    
()  

     ,           
 ,    ,        '
  
  ,   ,  ,     
 
2.        
                  ' 
      
()   
    :
o "  "    
o    ,  ,        
   
 
 :
o      
o -     '  
()   
 :
o             
o -        
  :
o        ,      

2.
()   
     :
o        ,    
  
    :
o              '
()     
     :
o        ,     
  
     :
o       ;     
3.       
  (1960-70  )          
 
    ,         
,   100         ,   
 '  
 
4.   
       ,  ,      
 
  , ,         
            
 

      ,  ,      
'      -      ,    , ,
                ' 

 ,          
2.
-
7.            
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    
              ,  
          ,      
               

,   ,          
              
           
19
             
       1854         
,    ,     
󷫿󷬀󷬁󷬄󷬅󷬆󷬇󷬈󷬉󷬊󷬋󷬂󷬃     
       
     :
   (  ,      )
     ' 
     (    )
      
        
      (  
),              
,             " 
"   
1947    ,    ,      
              

󼪿󼫂󼫃󼫀󼫄󼫅󼫁󼫆      
          :
2.
󷄧󷄫 
               
         ( ,   
)   
󷄧󷄬  
              -  
          -    
 
󷄧󷄭 
 ,          ' , ,  
              

󹵝󹵟󹵞       
       :
 (  )-        
   ( )-   
 ( )-      
 (  )-   
  ( )-   
 ( )-     
  (  )-  
   , , ,        
󹵈󹵉󹵊    
            :
1.   
            , , ,
       
2.
2.    
  ,         
 
3.   
          -  

4.    
,             

 
5.    
     ,      
󽁔󽁕󽁖   
    ,           :
      
    
          - 
     
   (,  ,  )
    
       
󹻯     
              :
    
    
    
   
  
  
        '   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼        
2.
,                    
           ,   
-     
             ,   
               
      
8.          ?
:           |
    ,            
  ,          ,   
        ,       
         ,         
  
              

1.     
  ,             
, ,           
    ()       

       ,      
-    
2.   
                

,  ,          ,   
     
           
3.   
     ,     
    -    ,   
-   
2.
 , ,             
4.     
, ,        '     
 
  ,      
          
5.   
          
 , ,      '    
 ,     

           

6.       
     - 
;      
       ,       
,         
        ,     
7.       
    ,    
    
 
 
   ,          
8.        
       '     ( ) 
 '   
     ,       
 ,           ' 
    
9.    
 (1991  )  ,      
,     ,  ,      
      
 
2.
          ,   
 
       

         ,        
      ,   ,   
,   ,          
     
 ,     -  
    
"                 
 
          ,         
 "